Sharareh Rezaeian; Hamid Reza Pourianfar; Shadi Bolourian; Hamed Saberian
Abstract
Introduction: At the present, culinary-medicinal mushroom Enoki, Flammulina velutipes, ranks fifth among cultivated mushrooms in the world. Enoki has a delightfully crunchy texture and desirable taste. In addition, research has proved that this mushroom possesses substantial nutritional and medicinal ...
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Introduction: At the present, culinary-medicinal mushroom Enoki, Flammulina velutipes, ranks fifth among cultivated mushrooms in the world. Enoki has a delightfully crunchy texture and desirable taste. In addition, research has proved that this mushroom possesses substantial nutritional and medicinal properties. However, commercialization of Enoki is not yet expanded worldwide and it is still largely behind the other major edible mushrooms in some countries in west Asia (such as Iran). Based on our recent successful study on cultivation of Enoki in locally available lignocellulosic substrates, this study was aimed to evaluate the possibility of production of a novel functional drink based on Enoki mushroom supplemented with curcumin. Materials and Methods: A pure culture of the cultivated strain of Enoki was freshly fructified in a locally available lignocellulosic substrate composed of 40 % wheat straw + 40 % sawdust + 18 % wheat bran + 1 % lime + 1 % gypsum. The fresh fruiting bodies were crushed to different forms of pulp and puree to be utilized in the basic formulation of drink. Then, different concentrations of mushroom particles (5, 7.5 and 10 %) and pectin gum (0.05, 0.075 and 0.10 %) were used. Following pasteurization at 90 ºC for one minute, the rheological and sensory characteristics of the drink were evaluated. The viscosity and the flow behavior of the samples were measured at 7°C. A rotational programmable viscometer (LVDV-II Pro, Brookfield Engineering Inc., USA) with an LV spindle was employed. About 25 ml of each drink was poured into the cylinder of the viscometer and shear rate was measured from 5 to 200 s−1 within 5 s intervals. Effect of different treatments (pectin gum and mushroom concentration) on color indices of the Enoki drink was studied using colorimeter (ColorFlex EZ, Hunter Lab, USA) and indices of, L* (brightness), a* (redness–greenness), b* (yellowness–blueness), were determined. Some sensory characteristics (taste, odor, color, mouth feel, consistency, particle concentration and overall acceptance) of the Enoki drinks were evaluated by 12 trained panelists (aged 25–50 years) using a 5 level hedonic test (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5) from left to right representing unacceptable, relatively acceptable, good, very good, and excellent. Three types of flavor (Lime, tropical fruits and apple) were employed and the effect of the flavors on odor, flavor, taste and overall acceptance of the pulp- based drink was investigated. Finally, three concentrations of curcumin (0.01, 0.03 and 0.05 %), as a natural colorant, were used in the pulp- based drink and the overall acceptance of the panelists was evaluated in a separate test. Factorial tests based on the completely randomized design was employed to evaluate the effect of different concentration of mushroom and pectin gum. Results were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SPSS 19 statistical software and the Duncan’s test with 95% confidence interval was used to compare the means of the tests. The results which were presented in this research have been obtained from the average values of 12 replicates. Results and Discussion: Rheological tests showed that the flow behavior of the drink was pseudoplastic (or shear thinning), which indicated that the viscosity was decreased when the shear rate increased. All the samples had a yield stress at 7°C. Therefore, all the drink samples had a jelly form before exerting any stress, while the mushroom particles were completely suspended in the drink. From the panelists’ point of view, there was not any difference between the color of the drink containing different gum and mushroom, but L*, a* and b* values were significantly different. By increasing of the gum and mushroom concentration, brightness index (L*) increased. Sensory tests indicated that the highest and the lowest scores of flavor were related to samples containing 5 and 10 % (w/w) mushroom, respectively (p<0.05). Finally, the drink containing 5% mushroom puree and 0.05 % pectin gum was selected. The results of sensory evaluation showed that the drink containing mushroom pulp was significantly better than one containing mushroom puree (p<0.05). The overall acceptance of the Enoki drink containing lime flavor was the highest and there were not any significant differences between those containing apple and tropical fruits flavor. Furthermore, sensory acceptance of the drink increased by adding 0.05 % curcumin into it. It can be concluded that the drink containing Enoki mushroom pulp may have a good potential to be accepted by consumers. The use of a culinary-medicinal mushroom such as Enoki along with a natural colorant (curcumin) may make the drink a functional food without having any side effect. Overall, the findings of this study showed that the industrial production of this novel functional drink, with acidic lime taste and curcumin colorant, is feasible from a technical point of view.
Fatemeh Farzaneh Moghaddam; Javad Sargolzaei; Shadi Bolourian
Abstract
Introduction: The term antioxidant is said to be compounds that are delaying or preventing oxidization of a substance at their own presence, which leads to reach a stabilized food quality (Collins, 2005). Natural antioxidants are often phenolic compounds that exist in all parts of a plant. These compounds ...
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Introduction: The term antioxidant is said to be compounds that are delaying or preventing oxidization of a substance at their own presence, which leads to reach a stabilized food quality (Collins, 2005). Natural antioxidants are often phenolic compounds that exist in all parts of a plant. These compounds are secondary metabolites that can inhibit active oxygen species by giving hydrogen atoms and converting them into more stable non-radical compounds due to oxidation and reduction properties. They also have the ability to chelate the metals (Wijngaard et al., 2009 and Erasto et al., 2007). Regarding the positive effects of natural antioxidants, many studies have been conducted to extract, identify and apply them from various herbal sources. Edible fruit jujube is a member of the Ramanaceae family, known in Iran as the jujube. The plants of the family are jujube flowers, which are all diploid and have 24 chromosomes. The jujube tree has been cultivated in China for thousands of years ago and is used as a medicine, food and food flavoring, also distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of Europe, Australia and South Asia. (Su et. al., 2005, Yan et. al., 2002, Preeti et al. 2014). Phenolic compounds have a high potential for antioxidants and a natural source of antioxidants. The antioxidant capacity of the Jujube is due to its antioxidant compounds such as flavonoids, total phenolic, anthocyanins and ascorbic acid. Zhao et al., 2014) and Zhang et al., 2010). Shell, pulp and fruit jujube seeds have a wide range of phenolic compounds and have long been used as a drug and flavor agent (Zhang et. al., 2010, Mahajan et al., 2009). Many studies have investigated the effects of Jujube fruit and its juice on the prevention and treatment of diseases such as digestive disorders, weakness, obesity, liver problems, diabetes, skin infections, Infections, Anemia, and Allergies have been reported (Gao et al., 2015 and 2013, Kim et al., 2011, Verma, 2016, Li et al., 2012). In a study by Wang et al. on Jujube fruit, 22 compounds were identified in ethanol jujube extracts (Wang et al., 2014). Zhang et al. The study that they carried out showed that the antioxidant activity of the jujube is due to its antioxidant compounds, such as flavonoids, total phenolic, anthocyanidins and ascorbic acid (Zhang et al., 2010). Italian scientists influence the phenolic compounds of jujube fruit extract on breast cancer cells (Plastina et al., 2012). During a study conducted in Egypt, the effect of jujube fruit on obesity, lipid profile and liver function were examined. (Mostafa et al., 2013). In another study on juvenile fruit phenolic compounds, the effect of jujube on seizure treatment was evaluated and the results showed that jujube has protective properties against seizure, oxidative stress and other disorders. Pahuja et al., 2011).In this research, extraction of phenolic compounds of Ziziphus Jujuba extracts has been performed using the supercritical carbon dioxide fluid method and optimization of the extracted compounds and the measurement of the antioxidant activity of Jujube fruit. Materials and methods: Jujube fruit was prepared from Birjand in late August. Chemical materials such as pure ethanol, reagent Folin-Cictalto, sodium carbonate and free radical molecules from German-German corporations and Sigma Aldrich, and laboratory glassware and instruments such as volumetric balloons, refrigerators and freezers, spatula, vertex, buret, pipettes, calibrated cylinders, Filter paper, Falcon, Human Dimension, Mesh 30, Funnel and Arlene were provided. The freshly purchased fruits were separated from the tree before drying. After separating the jujube grain, the fruit was dried at 40°C in a digital-powered oven (volume 5 liters made by Binder Company in Germany), and dried with the aid of a home-made mill. For particles of uniform size, the resulting powder was sown using a mesh 30 and kept in a refrigerator at -20°C until it was extracted. Results & discussion: Generally, according to the results of both solvent extraction and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) methods, the total amount of phenolic extraction at the optimal point in terms of mg Gallic acid to gram of dry extract in the solvent extraction and in the supercritical method were 26.21 and 2.24, respectively. Comparison of the obtained values at the optimal point of both methods indicated that the solvent method shows higher values of the total phenol content and it has been more successful. However, due to the insignificant differences in total extraction phenol content between the two methods, the supercritical method can be described as a better way to extract phenolic compounds, since the supercritical method was less effective than antioxidant power despite the presence of phenol, because in the supercritical method, the selectivity can be increased and the target compounds can be isolated by adjusting the temperature and pressure which increases the purity and increase the antioxidant property, and the purpose of the extraction of phenolic compounds. On the other hand, due to the low amount of organic solvent used in this method and the reduction of health and environmental risks, the supercritical method can be introduced as an effective method for extraction of phenolic compounds from Ziziphus Jujube fruit, which reduces the consumption of organic solvent and causes in an efficiency equal with solvent method approximately. In general, according to the amount of total phenolic extraction in both methods, it can be said that Jujube has higher phenol content than other herbs and it can be introduced as a natural antioxidant at the commercial level.
Fereshteh Hosseini; Mohammad Bagher Habibi Najafi; Majid Hashemi; Shadi Bolourian; Fereshteh Zaman Zade
Abstract
Macaroni is one of the favorite dishes in Iranian,s family food program. In this study, effects of using different level of curcumin as a natural and functional component extracted from Curcuma Longa plant, against total count , total coliforms, psychrotrophic bacteria, yeasts and moulds and colorimetric ...
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Macaroni is one of the favorite dishes in Iranian,s family food program. In this study, effects of using different level of curcumin as a natural and functional component extracted from Curcuma Longa plant, against total count , total coliforms, psychrotrophic bacteria, yeasts and moulds and colorimetric properties of macaroni in comparison with beta carotene and turmeric as commercial color additives has been investigated. Treatments were five different level of curcumin, C1:0/005, C2:0/01, C3:0/03, C4:0/05, C5:0/07, 0/07 turmeric and 0/01 beta carotene as positive controls and sample with no color additive as a negative control. PCA, VRBA and MEA mediums were used for microbial analysis. Colorimetric properties of macaroni in two form (powdered and non powdered ) was measured with a Hunter Lab Colorimeter and the color differences were recorded as CIE-LAB L*(lightness), a* (redness–greenness) and b* (yellowness–blueness) values and the colorimetric difference (ΔE) for each sample was calculated. Results showed that there is a linear relationship between %curcumin and total count, yeasts and moulds, so with increasing curcumin level in samples, total count, yeasts and moulds were decreased. Also, samples containing curcumin in comparison with the samples containing the same percent of beta carotene were lighter, less red and have the same yellowness. In fact, using %0/03 curcumin in macaroni formulation, produces the same ΔE as %0/07 turmeric and %0/01 beta carotene in comparison with non color additive samples. Also, by increasing the amount of curcumin in formulation, macaroni were being less light, redder and more yellow.
Keywords: Macaroni, Curcumin, Antimicrobial, Hunterlab, Turmeric
Fatemeh Zabetian Hosseini; Seyed Ali Mortazavi; Bibi Sedigheh Fazli Bazaz; Arash Koocheki; Shadi Bolourian
Abstract
Thymus vulgaris is a plant from Lamiasceae family. The antimicrobial activities of T. vulgaris essential oil and extract depend on the phenolic compounds like carvacrol, thymol, γ-terpinene and p-cymene, which are reported to have antibacterial properties. In this research the antimicrobial effect of ...
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Thymus vulgaris is a plant from Lamiasceae family. The antimicrobial activities of T. vulgaris essential oil and extract depend on the phenolic compounds like carvacrol, thymol, γ-terpinene and p-cymene, which are reported to have antibacterial properties. In this research the antimicrobial effect of different concentration (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4%)of Thymus vulgaris extract was studied on Salmonella enteritidise PT4 presence mayonnaise at two different temperatures (4oC and 25oC) during storage time. This test was evaluated as a completely randomized factorial design with 3 replicates and the models were shown using RSM. The results showed that the antimicrobial effect of T.vulgaris extract was higher for the mayonnaise kept at 25oC. This effect increased with increase in concentration of extract. These concentrations of T.vulgaris extract didn’t have any unfavorable effect on the sensory parameters in mayonnaise.
Keywords: Mayonnaise, T. vulgaris extract, Salmonella enteritidise, Modeling
